Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

3.0K
In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
3.0K
BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems01:24

BIBO stability of continuous and discrete -time systems

746
System stability is a fundamental concept in signal processing, often assessed using convolution. For a system to be considered bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable, any bounded input signal must produce a bounded output signal. A bounded input signal is one where the modulus does not exceed a certain constant at any point in time.
To determine the BIBO stability, the convolution integral is utilized when a bounded continuous-time input is applied to a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system....
746
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

3.7K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
3.7K
Entropy02:39

Entropy

33.3K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
33.3K
Entropy01:18

Entropy

3.2K
The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
3.2K
Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

974
Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
974

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Compensating Random Transition-Detection Blackouts in Markov Networks.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Pedestrian's approach to large deviations in semi-Markov processes with an application to entropy production.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Inference of entropy production for periodically driven systems.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

General theory for localizing the where and when of entropy production meets single-molecule experiments.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2024
Same author

Estimator of entropy production for partially accessible Markov networks based on the observation of blurred transitions.

Physical review. E·2024
Same author

Nonequilibrium fluctuations of chemical reaction networks at criticality: The Schlögl model as paradigmatic case.

The Journal of chemical physics·2024
Same journal

Erratum: Spectroscopy and Ground-State Transfer of Ultracold Bosonic ^{39}K^{133}Cs Molecules [Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 203401 (2025)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Erratum: Lifetime of the ^{2}F_{7/2} Level in Yb^{+} for Spontaneous Emission of Electric Octupole Radiation [Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 213001 (2021)].

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Laser-Plasma Based Seeded Free Electron Laser in the High-Gain Regime.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Parent Hamiltonians for Stabilizer Quantum Many-Body Scars.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Properties of Heavy Cosmic Nuclei Phosphorus, Chlorine, Argon, Potassium, and Calcium: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Role of Spin-Isospin Symmetries in Nuclear β-Decays.

Physical review letters·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
07:42

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

3.4K

Stochastic Discrete Time Crystals: Entropy Production and Subharmonic Synchronization.

Lukas Oberreiter1, Udo Seifert1, Andre C Barato2

  • 1II. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany.

Physical Review Letters
|January 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Discrete time crystals exhibit broken time translation symmetry through subharmonic oscillations. This study introduces a thermodynamic model, revealing coherent oscillations emerge in 2D models even without synchronization.

More Related Videos

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.8K
Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
07:42

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

3.4K
Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.8K
Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.4K

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum thermodynamics

Background:

  • Discrete time crystals (DTCs) are driven quantum systems exhibiting broken time-translation symmetry.
  • Subharmonic oscillations are a hallmark of DTCs, indicating spontaneous symmetry breaking.
  • Stochastic thermodynamics provides a framework to analyze energy dissipation in non-equilibrium systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a thermodynamically consistent model for discrete time crystals.
  • To analyze the energy dissipation in a many-body system of interacting noisy subharmonic oscillators.
  • To investigate the emergence of collective phenomena like synchronization and time-crystalline phases.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a thermodynamically consistent model for discrete time crystals.
  • Analysis using the framework of stochastic thermodynamics.
  • Evaluation of energy dissipation rates in interacting noisy subharmonic oscillators.

Main Results:

  • The mean-field model exhibits subharmonic synchronization, characterized by collective oscillations.
  • The 2D model demonstrates a time-crystalline phase without synchronization.
  • Coherent subharmonic oscillations emerge in the 2D model, showing power-law scaling with system size.

Conclusions:

  • Emergence of coherent oscillations in discrete time crystals is possible without synchronization.
  • The thermodynamic model provides insights into the non-equilibrium dynamics of DTCs.
  • The study highlights distinct behaviors in mean-field versus 2D discrete time crystal models.