Faecal bacteria density in tropical seawater: The Itanemas' cove case study, Angra dos Reis, Brazil

Angra dos Reis can receive up to 1.3 million tourists in the summer season. The lack of an adequate sanitary system makes sewage contamination a growing concern in Ribeira Bay, Angra dos Reis, Brazil. This study aims to investigate the seasonal variation of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and abiotic variables in Itanema cove situated within Ribeira Bay. Despite the seasonal population increase (>80 individuals) and the absence of an integrated sanitary system, our results indicate that Itanema is still a stable estuarine environment. From 2017 to 2019, the mean salinity was 27.91, pH was 7.82, and water temperature was 25.01 °C. However, the FIB number was 10⁵, suggesting the absence of sewage treatment in Itanema's outfall. Following current conservation status, baseline studies are mandatory for background references of endangered coastal areas such as Itanema cove. These studies are crucial for future governance decisions and sustainable tourism implementation in Angra dos Reis.