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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Odor hedonics coding in the vertebrate olfactory bulb.

Florence Kermen1, Nathalie Mandairon2, Laura Chalençon2

  • 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7030, Trondheim, Norway. florence.kermen@ntnu.no.

Cell and Tissue Research
|January 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding odor hedonics, whether a smell is pleasant or unpleasant, is key to behaviors like foraging and social interaction. This review explores how the olfactory bulb encodes these odor values, alongside physical properties.

Keywords:
BehaviorHedonic valueHumanInnate and learned valenceMouseOdor preferenceOlfactory bulbRatZebrafish

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory Perception
  • Sensory Coding

Background:

  • Odor hedonics (pleasantness/unpleasantness) significantly influences behaviors like foraging, danger avoidance, and social interactions.
  • The neural mechanisms underlying the representation and encoding of odor hedonics within the brain remain largely unknown.
  • The olfactory bulb is the initial processing center for olfactory information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on how odorant hedonic value is represented in the olfactory bulb.
  • To discuss the potential role of olfactory bulb circuits in coding both innate and learned odor hedonics.
  • To explore how hedonics coding integrates with the representation of physicochemical odorant properties.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and findings.
  • Analysis of studies investigating olfactory bulb neural circuits.
  • Synthesis of research on odor perception and neural coding.

Main Results:

  • Odorant hedonic value is represented within the olfactory bulb.
  • Olfactory bulb circuits are implicated in the coding of odor hedonics.
  • The coding of hedonics may involve both innate and learned components, alongside physicochemical properties.

Conclusions:

  • The olfactory bulb plays a critical role in the initial processing and representation of odor hedonics.
  • Understanding olfactory bulb circuitry is essential for deciphering how the brain encodes the emotional value of smells.
  • Future research should further elucidate the mechanisms by which the olfactory bulb integrates hedonic information with other olfactory cues.