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Related Concept Videos

Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

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Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single...
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GPCR Desensitization01:12

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G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
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Progesterone does raise disgust.

Paola Bressan1, Peter Kramer1

  • 1Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.

Hormones and Behavior
|January 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Progesterone, a key hormone in pregnancy, lowers immune defenses but may boost behavioral immunity. New analysis confirms progesterone significantly increases disgust responses, enhancing pathogen avoidance in females.

Keywords:
AllopregnanoloneBehavioral immune systemCompensatory prophylaxis hypothesisDisgustInfectionMate choicePathogensProgesteroneSocial avoidance

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive immunology
  • Behavioral endocrinology
  • Evolutionary psychology

Background:

  • Females exhibit reduced physiological immunity during pregnancy to tolerate the semi-allogeneic embryo.
  • This immunosuppression, triggered by progesterone, increases susceptibility to pathogens.
  • Progesterone's role in enhancing behavioral immunity (disgust response) remains debated due to inconclusive evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the impact of progesterone on female disgust responses using a more statistically robust analysis.
  • To clarify the relationship between progesterone levels and behavioral immune strategies in females.

Main Methods:

  • Reanalysis of existing data from a study on female mice's disgust response to infected males.
  • Application of more statistically sensitive analytical methods to the original dataset.

Main Results:

  • Progesterone significantly enhances female disgust responses.
  • The effect of progesterone on disgust is substantial, supporting its role in behavioral immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Progesterone plays a significant role in bolstering behavioral immunity by increasing disgust.
  • This mechanism may help compensate for the physiological immune downregulation during critical reproductive periods, reducing pathogen exposure.