Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

37.5K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
37.5K
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

8.7K
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
8.7K
Transduction01:16

Transduction

675
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
675
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

1.8K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
1.8K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

24.4K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
24.4K
Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

803
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
803

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cross-kingdom communication between plants and parasitic nematodes.

The New phytologist·2026
Same author

Foliar pathogen epidemic slows decomposition of invasive plant litter.

Ecology·2026
Same author

The Five Senses: How Do Plant Pathogens Know They Found Their Host?

Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI·2026
Same author

Root growth promotion by <i>Penicillium melinii</i> : mechanistic insights and agricultural applications.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Microbiome Analysis Reveals Biocontrol of <i>Aspergillus</i> and Mycotoxin Mitigation in Maize by the Growth-Promoting Fungal Endophyte <i>Colletotrichum tofieldiae</i> Ct0861.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Arabidopsis thaliana Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel 19 is involved in root extracellular ATP and Pep1 signalling.

The New phytologist·2025
Same journal

Secretory Circuits of Symbiosis in <i>Medicago truncatula</i>.

Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI·2026
Same journal

A Splicing Twist in Ubiquitin-Mediated Immunity.

Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI·2026
Same journal

Divergent Roles of CPK28 in Immune Homeostasis Across Land Plants.

Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI·2026
Same journal

RasGEFs Play Essential Roles in the Biology of <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> and <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> and Can Be Used as HIGS Targets for Disease Management.

Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI·2026
Same journal

A Conserved Transcription Factor Domain Drives Necrotrophic Effector-Mediated Virulence and Putative Protein Interactions in <i>Parastagonospora nodorum</i>.

Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI·2026
Same journal

Pathogen Species-Specific Differences in Induction of the Maize <i>Polyubiquitin</i> Gene Promoter in Transgenic Wheat.

Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
09:00

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: May 2, 2018

12.1K

How Do Pathogens Evolve Novel Virulence Activities?

Soledad Sacristán1,2, Erica M Goss3, Sebastian Eves-van den Akker4

  • 1Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo-UPM, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain.

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions : MPMI
|February 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogen evolution drives novel virulence activities, adapting to hosts and environments. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effective crop protection strategies against plant diseases.

Keywords:
effectorgene duplicationhorizontal gene transferhost rangemutationpathogenicityrecombinationresistanceselection

More Related Videos

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria
13:54

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

Published on: April 2, 2013

10.7K
Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance
09:00

Testing the Role of Multicopy Plasmids in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

Published on: May 2, 2018

12.1K
Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria
13:54

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

Published on: April 2, 2013

10.7K
Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.2K

Area of Science:

  • Plant pathology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Microbial genetics

Background:

  • Pathogen virulence, defined as traits increasing disease-causing ability, evolves through host selection.
  • Pathogen adaptation involves changes in response to host immunity, physiology, and environment.
  • Virulence evolution is influenced by host-pathogen interactions and external environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on pathogen evolution of novel virulence activities.
  • To explore mechanisms generating genetic variation for virulence.
  • To highlight underexplored aspects of virulence evolution for improved crop protection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pathogen evolution and virulence factors.
  • Analysis of host-pathogen co-evolutionary dynamics.
  • Examination of genetic mechanisms driving virulence variation.

Main Results:

  • Pathogen virulence evolves via selection on genetic variants, influenced by host and environmental pressures.
  • Mechanisms include mutation, transposable elements, gene duplication, and genetic exchange.
  • Existing knowledge is biased towards resistance-driven evolution, neglecting other virulence factors.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogens utilize diverse (epi)genetic mechanisms to evolve virulence.
  • A comprehensive understanding of virulence evolution is essential for developing sustainable crop protection strategies.
  • Integrating evolutionary concepts with mechanistic studies will advance plant-microbe interaction research.