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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection and Synovial Fluid Lavage in a Rodent Model to Study Joint Inflammation and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis

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Acute Patellofemoral Dislocation: Controversial Decision-Making.

Joseph M Rund¹, Betina B Hinckel^2,3, Seth L Sherman^4,5

¹School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine

|February 1, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acute patellar dislocations require individualized treatment. Risk stratification identifies high-risk patients for potential surgery, while most first-time dislocators benefit from non-operative management.

Keywords:

Acute dislocation Non-operative Operative Patellar instability Risk factors

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Biomechanics

Background:

Acute patellar dislocations present a controversial management landscape.
Key discussions include surgical indications, risk factor identification, and rehabilitation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current recommendations for managing first-time patellar dislocations.
To differentiate between non-operative and operative treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

Review of recent studies and ongoing clinical trials (PAPI RCT, JUPITER cohort).
Analysis of identified risk factors for recurrence.

Main Results:

Not all patellar dislocations are equivalent; conservative treatment is not universally successful.
High-risk factors for recurrence include younger age, skeletal immaturity, and specific anatomical variations (e.g., trochlear dysplasia, patella alta).
Surgery is indicated for osteochondral loose bodies; non-operative treatment is standard for dislocations without loose bodies or fractures.

Conclusions:

Imaging is crucial for risk stratification in all first-time dislocators.
Soft tissue stabilization may be considered for high-risk individuals, but most cases are managed non-operatively.
The management of acute patellar dislocations is evolving towards personalized treatment strategies.