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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

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OWAS inter-rater reliability.

Christian Lins1, Sebastian Fudickar2, Andreas Hein3

  • 1Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology IDMT, Division Hearing, Speech and Audio Technology, Marie-Curie-Straße 2, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany; Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstr. 140, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany.

Applied Ergonomics
|February 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

The Ovako Working Posture Assessment System (OWAS) shows good reliability for assessing work-related musculoskeletal disorder risk, even for untrained users. However, specific leg and upper body postures require careful attention for accurate assessment.

Keywords:
OWASReliability analysisRisk assessmentWorking postures

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational health and safety
  • Ergonomics
  • Musculoskeletal disorder prevention

Background:

  • The Ovako Working Posture Assessment System (OWAS) is widely used to evaluate work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) risks.
  • OWAS is purported to be usable by untrained personnel, but empirical evidence supporting this claim is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously assess the inter-rater reliability of the OWAS method across different body posture classifications.
  • To validate the effectiveness of OWAS for untrained observers in identifying WMSD risk factors.

Main Methods:

  • Observational study in a laboratory setting involving 20 volunteers.
  • Three independent raters assessed volunteer postures using the OWAS method.
  • Inter-rater agreement was calculated against established reference values for individual postures and categories.

Main Results:

  • High inter-rater agreement (over 98%, κ=0.98) was observed for arm postures.
  • Moderate to high agreement was found for leg (66-97%, κ=0.85) and upper body (80-96%, κ=0.85) postures.
  • No significant difference in reliability was noted between raters with and without specialized physical therapy training.

Conclusions:

  • The OWAS method demonstrates general reliability, particularly for observers without specialized backgrounds.
  • The study confirms OWAS's utility in assessing WMSD risk, supporting its use by a broader range of personnel.
  • Specific challenges were identified in the consistent classification of certain leg and upper body postures, indicating areas for potential method refinement.