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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Correction: Coulter et al. OrgTRx: A Platform Developed in Queensland for the Extraction and Visualisation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Data for the Surveillance of Resistance in Microorganisms. <i>Antibiotics</i> 2026, <i>15</i>, 63.

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Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins
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Phage-Encoded Endolysins.

Fatma Abdelrahman1, Maheswaran Easwaran2, Oluwasegun I Daramola3

  • 1Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antibiotic resistance is rising, driving research into phage-encoded endolysins as novel therapeutics. This review explores endolysin synergy with antibiotics and formulation for clinical trials.

Keywords:
antibiotic resistancebacteriophagesendolysin

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The global rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates alternative antimicrobial strategies.
  • Endolysins, phage-derived enzymes, degrade bacterial peptidoglycan cell walls.
  • Their potential extends to human, veterinary, agricultural, and biotechnological applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review endolysins as an alternative therapeutic agent against bacterial infections.
  • To explore the synergy between endolysins and conventional antibiotics.
  • To discuss endolysin formulation and considerations for in-vivo application and clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of endolysin research.
  • Analysis of studies on endolysin efficacy and mechanisms.
  • Examination of data on endolysin safety, resistance, and immunogenicity.

Main Results:

  • Endolysins demonstrate potent antibacterial activity, degrading peptidoglycan both internally and externally.
  • Evidence suggests potential synergistic effects when endolysins are combined with antibiotics.
  • Further research is needed to fully characterize endolysin resistance, safety, and immunogenicity for clinical use.

Conclusions:

  • Endolysins represent a promising alternative to antibiotics for combating bacterial infections.
  • Optimizing endolysin formulation and understanding their in-vivo behavior are critical for successful clinical translation.
  • This review provides insights for advancing endolysin-based therapies towards clinical application.