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Related Concept Videos

Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
GAGS are found in the extracellular matrix of vertebrates, invertebrates, and bacteria. Due to their polar nature they attract water, and serve as excellent lubricants or shock absorbers in an animal body.
Hyaluronic...
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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Metabolic bioengineering: glycans and glycoconjugates.

Mattheos A G Koffas1, Robert J Linhardt1

  • 1Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, U.S.A.

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences
|February 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Metabolic engineering advances the production of complex carbohydrates called glycans and glycoconjugates. This enables new research in glycobiology, overcoming previous limitations in obtaining these vital saccharide structures.

Keywords:
glycobiologymetabolic engineeringmetabolomics

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Glycobiology

Background:

  • The field of glycobiology is hindered by the limited availability of complex carbohydrates (glycans) and glycoconjugates.
  • Saccharide structures are crucial for numerous biological processes, but their complex nature makes them difficult to produce.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the application of metabolic engineering for the production of glycans and glycoconjugates.
  • To address the scarcity of these essential biomolecules and facilitate advancements in glycobiology research.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing metabolic engineering strategies to design and optimize microbial or cellular systems for glycan synthesis.
  • Applying synthetic biology approaches to enhance the production of specific saccharide structures.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated successful application of metabolic engineering for producing various glycans and glycoconjugates.
  • Overcame previous limitations in the availability of complex carbohydrate structures.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic engineering offers a powerful platform for the sustainable and scalable production of glycans and glycoconjugates.
  • This advancement is expected to significantly accelerate research and development within the field of glycobiology.