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Related Concept Videos

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

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The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
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Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Maxwell's equations for electromagnetic fields are related to source charges, either static or moving. These fields act on a test charge, whose trajectory can thus be determined using suitable boundary conditions. The objective of electromagnetism is thus theoretically complete.
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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions
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Transverse spin dynamics in structured electromagnetic guided waves.

Peng Shi1, Luping Du2, Congcong Li1

  • 1Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology & Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored spin-momentum locking in complex electromagnetic waves, discovering a 2D chiral spin swirl in structured guided modes. This finding advances spin optics and topological photonics.

Keywords:
angular momentum of lightspin–momentum lockingspin–orbit couplingtransverse spin

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed-matter physics
  • Optics
  • Topological photonics

Background:

  • Spin-momentum locking is key to topological properties in condensed-matter physics and optics.
  • Topological insulators and their photonic analogs have been discovered.
  • Optical waves possess complex vector fields beyond spin, including orbital angular momentum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive spin-momentum equations for complex electromagnetic guided modes.
  • To describe the relationship between spin and orbital properties in these modes.
  • To experimentally verify predicted photonic spin dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of a set of spin-momentum equations.
  • Experimental verification using four types of nondiffracting surface structured waves.

Main Results:

  • A framework for spin-momentum equations for complex electromagnetic guided modes was developed.
  • Photonic spin dynamics were experimentally verified.
  • A two-dimensional chiral spin swirl was observed in structured guided modes, unlike the uniform spin of plane waves.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a new framework for understanding and designing spin structure and topological properties of electromagnetic waves.
  • The findings have practical importance in spin optics, topological photonics, metrology, and quantum technologies.
  • The concepts may extend to other wave types like fluid, acoustic, and gravitational waves.