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Related Concept Videos

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Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
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Social psychology examines how the real or imagined presence of others influences individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. A key concept in this field is the role of social context in shaping behavior. The same individual may act differently depending on the social setting, due to the varying expectations and norms associated with each environment. This context-dependent behavior illustrates the influence of social roles, which prescribe appropriate conduct in specific situations.Social...
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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
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Context-based interpersonal relationship modulates social comparison between outcomes: an event-related potential

Huoyin Zhang1,2,3, Ruolei Gu4,5, Ming Yang2,3

  • 1Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518061, China.

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
|February 2, 2021
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Summary

People

Keywords:
P3feedback-related negativity (FRN)interpersonal relationshiplate positive component (LPC)outcome evaluationsocial comparison

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Neuroscience

Background:

  • Social comparison significantly influences decision outcome perception.
  • Interpersonal relationships are crucial in shaping social comparison processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how manipulated relationship contexts affect self-other outcome comparisons.
  • To explore the neural correlates of social comparison under varying relationship conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in a trust game with likeable or dislikeable partners.
  • A subsequent gambling task allowed for observation of self and partner outcomes.
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs), including FRN, P3, and LPC, were recorded.

Main Results:

  • Subjective satisfaction varied based on partner likeability and outcome type (gain/loss).
  • ERP components (FRN, P3, LPC) reflected relationship context and outcome disparities.
  • Prediction error signals (FRN) were heightened in specific gain/loss scenarios with dislikeable partners.

Conclusions:

  • Personal closeness modulates subjective sensitivity during social outcome comparisons.
  • Findings align with the self-evaluation maintenance model.
  • Neural responses indicate distinct processing for outcomes with liked versus disliked others.