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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

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Nonlinear frequency conversion of 3D optical bottle beams generated using a single axicon.

A Srinivasa Rao, Deepika Yadav, G K Samanta

|February 2, 2021

Summary

Researchers generated a tunable, micron-sized optical Bessel bottle beam (BBB) using a simple setup. This novel light beam exhibits self-healing properties and can be converted to a second harmonic, showing potential for advanced imaging applications.

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Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

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Published on: January 28, 2019

Area of Science:

Nonlinear Optics
Laser Physics
Beam Shaping

Background:

Optical Bessel beams offer unique propagation-invariant properties.
Three-dimensional (3D) optical Bessel bottle beams (BBB) combine Bessel beam characteristics with a central dark core.
Generating and controlling BBBs with tunable spatial properties is crucial for advanced optical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a novel experimental scheme for generating and studying nonlinear frequency conversion of 3D optical BBBs.
To achieve stable, high-power BBBs with tunable spatial characteristics.
To investigate the second harmonic generation (SHG) of BBBs and their self-healing properties.

Main Methods:

Generation of BBBs using a single axicon and controlled Gaussian beam input.
Single-pass second harmonic generation (SHG) of femtosecond BBBs in a bismuth triborate nonlinear crystal.
Characterization of BBB spatial properties, power, efficiency, and self-healing behavior.

Main Results:

Stable, micron-size BBBs with tunable diameters (∼30µm and 17µm) and periods (2.3–6.4 mm) were generated.
Second harmonic generation (SHG) of BBBs at 532 nm achieved up to 75 mW output power and 1.9% efficiency.
Observed self-healing of BBBs at both pump (1064 nm) and SHG (532 nm) wavelengths, including self-healing of pump beam truncation in the SHG beam.

Conclusions:

A generic and versatile scheme for generating tunable, high-power BBBs and their nonlinear frequency conversion was successfully demonstrated.
The observed self-healing and direct transfer of spatial characteristics from pump to SHG beam highlight the potential of BBBs for imaging in scattering media.
The demonstrated method is adaptable for various wavelengths and timescales, offering broad applicability in optical research and technology.