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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm
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Imprecise Visual Feedback About Hand Location Increases a Classically Conditioned Pain Expectancy Effect.

Thais Cristina Chaves1, Tasha R Stanton2, Ashley Grant2

  • 1IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.

The Journal of Pain
|February 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Imprecise sensory information about hand location amplified conditioned pain expectancy. This suggests associative learning may contribute to chronic pain development.

Keywords:
Classical conditioninghand locationillusionimprecise stimuluspain expectancy

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Conditioned pain expectancy (CPE) is a learned response where neutral stimuli predict pain.
  • The role of sensory precision in modulating CPE is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if imprecise sensory feedback of hand location enhances CPE.
  • To examine the effects of sensory imprecision on CPE generalization and extinction.

Main Methods:

  • Forty healthy volunteers underwent classical conditioning with visual feedback of hand movements.
  • Participants were assigned to either a Precise or Imprecise visual feedback group.
  • Pain expectancy was measured at conditioned and novel locations.

Main Results:

  • Pain expectancy was significantly greater in the Imprecise group compared to the Precise group at the conditioned stimulus location (CS+).
  • Generalization of pain expectancy to novel locations and extinction rates did not differ between groups.
  • The primary hypothesis regarding increased CPE with imprecise sensory input was supported.

Conclusions:

  • Reduced sensory precision at the hand's location amplifies conditioned pain expectancy.
  • These findings support the role of associative learning in the transition from acute to chronic pain disorders.
  • Further research is needed to explore the clinical implications of sensory feedback in pain management.