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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Function of Leukocytes01:21

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An adult in good health typically has between 4,500 and 11,000 leukocytes, or white blood cells, per microliter of blood, which constitutes about 1% of the total blood volume. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells contain a nucleus and other cellular organelles but do not have hemoglobin. Most white blood cells reside in connective tissues, particularly in lymphatic organs such as the lymph nodes, with only a small fraction present in circulating blood.
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

A Data-Driven Approach to Quantifying Immune States in Sepsis
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Immune Cell Number, Phenotype, and Function in the Elderly with Sepsis.

Wanxue He1, Kun Xiao1, Min Fang2

  • 11College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.

Aging and Disease
|February 3, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Elderly individuals experience worse sepsis outcomes due to immunosenescence, a decline in immune function. Understanding immune cell changes in aging sepsis patients may reveal new therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
agingdysfunctionimmune cellimmunosenescencesepsis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Sepsis is a life-threatening condition characterized by organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host responses to infection.
  • Elderly individuals are more susceptible to sepsis and have higher mortality rates, partly due to immunosenescence.
  • Immunosenescence involves the decline of both innate and adaptive immune system functions with aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on immune cell alterations in elderly individuals with sepsis.
  • To investigate changes in the number, phenotype, and function of immune cells in aging sepsis patients and mice.
  • To identify potential new therapeutic strategies for sepsis in the elderly.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature focusing on sepsis in elderly populations.
  • Analysis of studies examining innate and adaptive immune cells in elderly mice and human patients.
  • Investigation of alterations in immune cell quantity, characteristics, and activity.

Main Results:

  • Aging significantly impacts various immune cells, including endothelial cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes.
  • These age-related immune cell alterations contribute to poor prognosis and increased mortality in elderly sepsis patients.
  • Studies in both elderly mice and human patients reveal significant changes in immune cell profiles.

Conclusions:

  • Immunosenescence plays a critical role in the increased susceptibility and mortality of elderly individuals with sepsis.
  • Alterations in immune cell number, phenotype, and function are key factors in the poor outcomes observed in aging sepsis patients.
  • Further research into these age-related immune changes could lead to novel therapeutic interventions for sepsis in older adults.