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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

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Non-self recognition-based self-incompatibility can alternatively promote or prevent introgression.

Alexander Harkness1, Yaniv Brandvain2

  • 1Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.

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Summary

Self-incompatibility alleles (S-alleles) in plants can be replaced by new alleles introduced through gene flow, especially in populations with more diverse S-alleles. Collaborative non-self recognition influences gene flow and S-allele evolution.

Keywords:
angiospermsbreeding systemsgene flowribonucleaseself-incompatibilitytheory

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Area of Science:

  • Plant reproductive biology
  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Population genetics

Background:

  • Self-incompatibility alleles (S-alleles) prevent self-fertilization in plants.
  • These alleles are typically expected to increase in frequency due to negative frequency-dependent selection.
  • The ribonuclease-based self-incompatibility system, common in eudicots, relies on collaborative non-self recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the evolution of S-alleles in two connected plant populations.
  • To compare the evolutionary fates of S-alleles unique to each population versus those shared between populations.
  • To understand the impact of collaborative non-self recognition on gene flow and S-allele diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling S-allele evolution in a two-population system with migration.
  • Comparing the fitness of unique and shared S-alleles between populations.
  • Investigating the influence of pollen limitation and migration bias on S-allele dynamics.

Main Results:

  • S-alleles from populations with a higher number of unique alleles generally exhibited greater fitness.
  • Migrant S-alleles frequently replaced resident S-alleles, leading to extinction of native alleles.
  • Pollen limitation and biased migration could prevent the replacement of resident S-alleles.

Conclusions:

  • Collaborative non-self recognition can lead to the wholesale replacement of S-alleles between populations.
  • Alternatively, this recognition system can hinder the introgression of S-alleles altogether.
  • S-allele evolution is significantly shaped by population connectivity and the diversity of existing alleles.