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Related Concept Videos

Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts toward Practical Fuel Cells: Progress and Perspectives.

Shahid Zaman1, Lei Huang1, Abdoulkader Ibro Douka1

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This review examines oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts for fuel cells, addressing cost and reliability issues. It highlights challenges in translating performance from lab tests to real-world fuel cell applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Fuel cells offer powerful renewable energy solutions.
  • High cost and poor reliability of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts hinder fuel cell adoption.
  • Current ORR electrocatalysts face challenges in translating performance from lab-scale testing to membrane electrode assemblies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in ORR electrocatalysts for fuel cells.
  • To identify fundamental issues limiting the practical application of ORR electrocatalysts.
  • To suggest future research directions for efficient ORR electrocatalyst development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent progress in ORR electrocatalysts.
  • Analysis of performance translation challenges from rotating disk electrode to membrane electrode assembly.
  • Identification of key areas for future research and development.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in ORR electrocatalyst development.
  • A critical gap exists in translating RDE performance to MEA performance in fuel cells.
  • Several promising avenues for future research are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing the cost and reliability of ORR electrocatalysts is crucial for fuel cell commercialization.
  • Further research is needed to bridge the performance gap between lab-scale and practical fuel cell applications.
  • Future work should focus on large-scale preparation, unified assessment, advanced characterization, simulation, and AI.