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Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

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The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
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Graphene Sheets with Defined Dual Functionalities for the Strong SARS-CoV-2 Interactions.

Ievgen S Donskyi1,2, Chuanxiong Nie1,3, Kai Ludwig4

  • 1Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
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PubMed
Summary

Graphene platforms with long alkyl chains disrupt enveloped viruses like SARS-CoV-2, offering a new broad-spectrum antiviral strategy. These materials show significant efficacy against coronaviruses with low toxicity to human cells.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2 inhibitorgraphenegraphene-based polyglycerol sulfatesvirucidality

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Inhibition of respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, remains a global health challenge due to inefficient treatments.
  • Viral mutations, particularly in the spike glycoprotein, necessitate broad-spectrum inhibitors beyond vaccines.
  • Graphene-based materials offer potential for novel antiviral applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antiviral potential of graphene platforms with dual sulfate/alkyl functionalities against SARS-CoV-2.
  • To synthesize and evaluate graphene derivatives with varying aliphatic chain lengths for coronavirus inhibition.
  • To explore the mechanism of action for graphene-based antiviral activity.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of graphene derivatives with precise dual sulfate/alkyl functionalities and varying aliphatic chain lengths.
  • Antiviral assays against SARS-CoV-2 and feline coronavirus.
  • Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for visualizing viral disruption.
  • Cytotoxicity assays on human cells.

Main Results:

  • Graphene derivatives with long alkyl chains (>C9) demonstrated significant inhibition of coronavirus replication.
  • The mechanism of inhibition involves the disruption of the viral envelope.
  • Atomic force microscopy and cryogenic electron microscopy visualized the virus-rupturing capability of the graphene platforms.
  • A wide therapeutic window (10-100 fold) was observed, showing strong antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with minimal human cell toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene platforms functionalized with long alkyl chains are effective inhibitors of enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
  • These materials present a promising new avenue for therapeutic and metaphylactic strategies against coronaviruses.
  • The dual sulfate/alkyl functionalization and viral envelope disruption mechanism offer a novel approach to antiviral development.