Biohybrid robotics: From the nanoscale to the macroscale

Area of Science:

• Biohybrid robotics
• Biomimetic engineering
• Nanomedicine

Background:

• Biohybrid robotics integrates biological entities with artificial materials for superior performance.
• Three integration levels exist: nanoscale (enzymes), microscale (cells), and macroscale (tissues).

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the integration levels and applications of biohybrid robotics.
• To highlight advancements in nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale biohybrid systems.

Main Methods:

• Exploration of enzyme-powered nanoparticles for drug delivery.
• Utilization of bacteria and spermatozoa for cargo transport and medical applications.
• Development of muscle tissue-powered biorobots and bioactuators.

Main Results:

• Nanoscale biohybrid systems show potential as active matter drug delivery systems.
• Microscale systems offer capabilities for cargo transport, in vitro fertilization, and biofilm removal.
• Macroscale systems demonstrate untethered biorobots and tethered bioactuators for drug screening and disease modeling.

Conclusions:

• Biohybrid robotics offers a versatile platform for next-generation biomimetic devices.
• Advancements in biohybrid systems are crucial for emerging technologies in medicine and engineering.
• The field holds significant promise for therapeutic approaches, drug discovery, and biological research.