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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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[Analysis of human coronaviruses circulation].

S B Yatsyshina1, M V Mamoshina1, O Yu Shipulina1

  • 1Central Research Institute for Epidemiology of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare.

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|February 3, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) circulate annually in Moscow, peaking in December. Their detection increased significantly in late 2019, but dropped sharply with the rise of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting viral competition.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 highlighted the need to understand other human coronaviruses (HCoVs).
  • HCoVs were previously understudied due to generally mild symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and circulation patterns of epidemic-prone HCoVs in Moscow.
  • To analyze HCoV activity in relation to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective observational study using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • Analysis of nasal and throat swabs from 16,511 patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) and 505 healthy children between 2008 and 2020.

Main Results:

  • HCoVs were detected annually in 2.6-6.1% of patients, with higher frequency in adults.
  • A two-fold increase in HCoV detection was observed in December 2019 compared to the multi-year average.
  • HCoV detection was significantly higher in pediatric ARI patients under 6 years compared to healthy peers (3.7% vs 0.7%).

Conclusions:

  • HCoVs exhibit a winter-spring seasonal pattern in Moscow, peaking in December.
  • HCoV epidemic activity peaked in December 2019-February 2020.
  • A sharp decrease in HCoV detection in March 2020 coincided with increased SARS-CoV-2 cases, suggesting potential viral competition.