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The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues

Characterization and Functional Prediction of Bacteria in Ovarian Tissues

Published on: October 23, 2021

Tumor-Associated Microbiome: Where Do We Stand?

Marc Oliva^1,2, Nuria Mulet-Margalef^1,2, Maria Ochoa-De-Olza^3,4

¹Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Catalonia, Spain.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|February 4, 2021

Summary

The human microbiome influences cancer development, progression, and treatment response. Further research and standardized methods are crucial for understanding its clinical utility in oncology.

Keywords:

cancer carcinogenesis dysbiosis gut microbiome metagenomics tumor microbiome

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Microbiology
Immunology

Background:

The human microbiome's role in cancer is a rapidly expanding research area.
Microbiome associations are investigated across cancer development, progression, and therapy response.
The gut microbiome impacts antitumor immunity and predicts immunotherapy efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the accumulating evidence on the human microbiome in oncology.
To discuss the current and future challenges in microbiome research for cancer patients.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies investigating microbiome-cancer associations.
Analysis of the role of gut and tumor-associated microbiomes.
Discussion of pre-clinical research needs and methodological standardization.

Main Results:

The gut microbiome significantly influences antitumor immune responses and immunotherapy outcomes.
Tumor-associated microbes interact with the tumor microenvironment and immune contexture.
Evidence suggests microbiome impacts cancer progression and treatment outcomes.

Conclusions:

Pre-clinical studies are needed to establish causality and mechanisms.
Standardization of methods and quality control are essential for comparable results.
The microbiome holds potential clinical utility in cancer care, pending further research.