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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Assessment of Right Ventricular Structure and Function in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Artery Constriction by Transthoracic Echocardiography
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Sex Differences in Right Ventricular Dysfunction: Insights From the Bench to Bedside.

Jennifer Keen1, Sasha Z Prisco2, Kurt W Prins2

  • 1Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.

Frontiers in Physiology
|February 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Females exhibit superior right ventricular (RV) function compared to males, a difference crucial in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D). Understanding sex hormone roles may reveal new RV therapies.

Keywords:
arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasiadehydroepiandrosteroneestrogenpulmonary hypertensionright ventriclesex differencestestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sex-based differences exist in right ventricular (RV) function, with females generally demonstrating better performance.
  • These sex-based disparities are amplified in RV-centric diseases like pulmonary hypertension (PH) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D), significantly impacting prognosis.
  • Current therapeutic options do not specifically target the failing RV, representing a critical unmet medical need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review human data on sex-based variations in RV phenotypes within healthy individuals and in patients with PH and ARVC/D.
  • To explore the relationship between sex hormones—estrogen, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone—and RV function in these conditions.
  • To investigate the mechanistic roles of sex hormones in RV pathophysiology and their potential as therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing human clinical data.
  • Analysis of studies investigating sex hormone influence on RV function.
  • Examination of ongoing clinical trials targeting sex hormone pathways.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex differences in RV function are observed in healthy individuals and are more pronounced in PH and ARVC/D.
  • Estrogen, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone play distinct roles in modulating RV function and disease progression.
  • Sex hormones influence pathophysiological changes within the RV.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the mechanisms behind superior female RV function is key to developing novel therapies for RV dysfunction.
  • Targeting estrogen and dehydroepiandrosterone signaling presents a promising avenue for treating PH and ARVC/D.
  • Further research into sex hormone modulation could lead to sex-specific therapeutic strategies for RV diseases.