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This summary is machine-generated.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis activates three times in life, influencing development. Postnatal "minipuberty" involves hormone surges with long-term effects on growth, neurobehavior, and fertility.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is activated three times during human life: fetal development, infancy (
  • minipuberty
  • ), and puberty.
  • These activation periods align with the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm, impacting growth, behavior, and neurodevelopment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review studies on HPG axis activation during fetal life and infancy.
  • To explore the influence of these activation periods on sex determination, differentiation, and future health outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HPG axis hormone levels (gonadotropins, sex hormones) during prenatal and postnatal periods.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the impact of prenatal and infant HPG axis activity on development.

Main Results:

  • Prenatal HPG axis activation shows sex-specific patterns crucial for genital differentiation.
  • Postnatal HPG axis reactivation, or "minipuberty," exhibits pulsatile hormone levels similar to puberty.
  • Infant HPG axis activity influences linear growth, fertility, and neurobehavioral development.

Conclusions:

  • HPG axis activation windows are critical for human development, extending beyond reproductive functions.
  • Understanding "minipuberty" and prenatal HPG activity is essential for predicting and managing long-term health trajectories.