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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals
Published on: February 26, 2022
Melissa N Hempstead1, Jan K Shearer1, Mhairi A Sutherland2
1Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
Cautery disbudding in goat kids can cause brain injury. Longer cautery iron application times (15 seconds or more) lead to more severe brain damage, indicating a higher risk with extended use.
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