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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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Numerical Simulation of a Core-Shell Polymer Strand in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing.

Hamid Narei1, Maryam Fatehifar2, Ashley Howard Malt3

  • 1Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1439957131, Iran.

Polymers
|February 5, 2021
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Summary

This study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to optimize material extrusion additive manufacturing (ME-AM) for core-shell polymer strands. The best parameters ensure complete core encapsulation and high core volume fraction in 3D printing.

Keywords:
CFDadditive manufacturingcore–shell polymer strandmaterial extrusionprocessing parameters

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Material extrusion additive manufacturing (ME-AM) is a novel technique for producing core-shell polymer structures.
  • ME-AM offers enhanced mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy compared to traditional 3D printing methods.
  • Optimizing operating parameters is crucial for achieving desired quality in 3D-printed products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify optimal operating parameters for 3D printing core-shell polymer strands using ME-AM.
  • To achieve complete encapsulation of the core polymer within the shell polymer.
  • To maximize the volume fraction of the core polymer in the final printed strand.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
  • Modeling the deposition flow controlled by three dimensionless parameters: diameter ratio (d/D), normalized gap (t/D), and velocity ratio (V/U).
  • Analyzing cross-sections of deposited strands to evaluate encapsulation and morphology.

Main Results:

  • The study identified specific operating parameters that lead to successful core-shell strand formation.
  • Complete encapsulation of the core material by the shell material was achieved under optimal conditions.
  • The shape and size of the printed strand were significantly influenced by the selected parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal operating parameters for ME-AM core-shell polymer printing were determined.
  • A diameter ratio (d/D) of 0.7, a normalized gap (t/D) of 1, and a velocity ratio (V/U) of 1 are recommended.
  • These parameters ensure high core volume fraction and complete encapsulation for improved 3D-printed polymer products.