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The PSY Peptide Family-Expression, Modification and Physiological Implications.

Amalie Scheel Tost1, Astrid Kristensen1, Lene Irene Olsen1

  • 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.

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Plant peptides containing tyrosine sulfation (PSY) are crucial signaling molecules. This study identifies eight PSY homologs in Arabidopsis, suggesting diverse roles in plant development and proposing a new signaling model.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Plant signaling pathways
  • Post-translational modifications

Background:

  • Small post-translationally modified peptides are key signaling molecules in plant development.
  • Plant peptides containing tyrosine sulfation (PSY) are a family of such peptides.
  • Only PSY1 was previously characterized, involved in cell elongation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize additional PSY homologs in Arabidopsis.
  • To investigate the evolutionary conservation and potential functions of PSY peptides.
  • To propose a model for PSY peptide processing and signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify PSY homologs in Arabidopsis.
  • Comparative analysis across plant species to assess evolutionary conservation.
  • Expression pattern analysis to infer functional roles.
  • Literature review to propose a signaling model.

Main Results:

  • Seven new PSY homologs were identified in Arabidopsis, alongside PSY1.
  • All identified PSY homologs share a conserved active peptide domain.
  • PSY peptides are found in all higher plants and mosses, suggesting ancient origins.
  • Evidence suggests PSY peptides are post-translationally modified with sulfated tyrosine.
  • Subtilases (SBTs) are implicated in processing PSY propeptides.
  • Differential expression patterns indicate diverse functions in plant development.
  • Expression is influenced by developmental factors, suggesting transcriptional regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Arabidopsis possesses eight PSY homologs with conserved functional domains.
  • PSY peptides are widespread in land plants and likely involve sulfated tyrosine modification.
  • SBTs are proposed as key enzymes in PSY propeptide processing.
  • PSY peptides play distinct roles in plant development, regulated transcriptionally.
  • A refined signaling model including additional receptors is proposed.