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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
Published on: November 18, 2018
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Secondary to Drugs and Toxins
Ramon L Ramirez1, Shaun M Pienkos2, Vinicio de Jesus Perez3
1Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S102, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Abstract:
Pulmonary arterial hypertension secondary to drugs and toxins is an important subgroup of group 1 pulmonary hypertension associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Many drugs and toxins have emerged as risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension, which include anorexigens, illicit agents, and several US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapeutic medications. Drugs and toxins are classified as possible or definite risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. This article reviews agents that have been implicated in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension, their pathologic mechanisms, and methods to prevent the next deadly outbreak of drug- and toxin-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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