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Published on: February 7, 2018
Redox-related biomarkers in human cardiovascular disease - classical footprints and beyond
Andreas Daiber1, Omar Hahad1, Ioanna Andreadou2
1Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
Insights
Oxidative stress markers are linked to cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis. This review highlights key redox biomarkers and their clinical relevance in managing these conditions.
Area of Science:
- Biomedical Science
- Cardiovascular Research
- Oxidative Stress Biology
Background:
- Chronic non-communicable diseases, including atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders, are leading causes of premature death.
- Cardiovascular diseases, particularly ischemic heart disease, significantly contribute to the global disease burden and healthcare costs.
- Oxidative stress markers are consistently associated with major cardiovascular diseases, implicating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in their pathogenesis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review in vivo footprints of oxidative stress processes (redox biomarkers) in cardiovascular diseases.
- To focus on the clinical relevance of these redox biomarkers.
- To critically discuss the prognostic value and limitations of redox biomarkers.
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical and epidemiological data linking oxidative stress markers to cardiovascular diseases.
- Summary and explanation of major categories of redox biomarkers with examples.
- Discussion of the formation sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
Main Results:
- Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation is a hallmark of cardiovascular comorbidities like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes.
- These species cause oxidative damage and adverse redox signaling affecting cellular pathways.
- Various redox biomarkers provide insights into these adverse processes.
Conclusions:
- Redox biomarkers are valuable indicators of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases.
- Understanding these biomarkers aids in assessing clinical relevance and prognostic potential.
- Further research can refine the application of redox biomarkers in cardiovascular medicine.
Abstract:
Global epidemiological studies show that chronic non-communicable diseases such as atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders represent the leading cause of premature mortality and morbidity. Cardiovascular disease such as ischemic heart disease is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and the socioeconomic health costs. Clinical and epidemiological data show an association of typical oxidative stress markers such as lipid peroxidation products, 3-nitrotyrosine or oxidized DNA/RNA bases with all major cardiovascular diseases. This supports the concept that the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by various sources (NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase and mitochondrial respiratory chain) represents a hallmark of the leading cardiovascular comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension and diabetes. These reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can lead to oxidative damage but also adverse redox signaling at the level of kinases, calcium handling, inflammation, epigenetic control, circadian clock and proteasomal system. The in vivo footprints of these adverse processes (redox biomarkers) are discussed in the present review with focus on their clinical relevance, whereas the details of their mechanisms of formation and technical aspects of their detection are only briefly mentioned. The major categories of redox biomarkers are summarized and explained on the basis of suitable examples. Also the potential prognostic value of redox biomarkers is critically discussed to understand what kind of information they can provide but also what they cannot achieve.
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