Changes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth and mucosal immune parameters after dietary administration of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract

The effect of dietary grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extract (GSE) on growth performance and mucosal immune parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry was studied. Fish (1.3 g mean weight) were randomly distributed in nine tanks (15 fish per tank) and fed diets containing GSE at 0 (control), 100, and 200 mg kg^-1for 60 days. The results showed that growth parameters were enhanced in both treatment groups compared to the control group. Histological examination of fish skin showed higher epidermis thickness, goblet cell density, and volume density in the GSE groups compared to the values of the control group. Furthermore, the villus height, goblet cell density, and intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased in the fish intestine in those fish fed GSE, with respect to control fish. Feeding fish with low dose of GSE (100 mg kg^-1) up-regulated the expression of some immune-relevant genes, including complement component 3 (C3), lysozyme (Lys), omDB-3, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in different mucosal tissues. However, feeding fish the high dose of GSE (200 mg kg^-1) mostly enhanced expression of these genes in the skin. Besides, skin mucus of fish fed GSE showed bactericidal activity against Yersinia ruckeri. It was concluded that GSE, especially at 100 mg kg^-1, modulates the growth performance and mucosal immunity of rainbow trout.