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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Regulatory B cells, A to Z.

Kirstin Jansen1, Lacin Cevhertas1,2,3, Siyuan Ma1,4

  • 1Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.

Allergy
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Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are crucial immune regulators beyond antibody production. They suppress inflammation in various diseases via specific molecules and can be induced by diverse stimuli.

Keywords:
Breg cellsIL-10allergyautoimmunityinflammationsuppressiontolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • B cells are traditionally known for antibody production.
  • Emerging evidence highlights B cells' regulatory roles in immune responses.
  • Regulatory B cells (Bregs) actively suppress inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on regulatory B cells.
  • To discuss Breg subtypes, mechanisms, induction, and disease relevance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on regulatory B cells.
  • Analysis of suppressive molecules and induction factors.
  • Examination of Breg roles in various disease models.

Main Results:

  • Bregs suppress inflammation in autoimmune disease, allergy, infection, transplantation, and cancer.
  • Key suppressive molecules include IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, PD-L1, CD39, CD73, and AhR.
  • Bregs are induced by microbial products, inflammatory cytokines, and CD40 ligation.

Conclusions:

  • Regulatory B cells represent a distinct functional subset of B cells.
  • Bregs offer therapeutic potential for modulating immune responses in disease.