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Related Concept Videos

Lipid Absorption01:24

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Dietary triglycerides from chyme in the duodenum are mixed with bile salts produced by the liver to emulsify fats. As a result, large droplets are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzymatic action. Once emulsified, pancreatic lipases hydrolyze the triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation
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Circulating Bile Acids in Liver Failure Activate TGR5 and Induce Monocyte Dysfunction.

Julia Leonhardt1, Raphael S Haider2, Christoph Sponholz3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.

Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
|February 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Elevated bile acids in liver failure activate TGR5, impairing monocyte function and increasing mortality risk. Targeting TGR5 may improve immune dysfunction in liver failure patients.

Keywords:
Bile AcidsGPBAR1Liver FailureTGR5

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Elevated serum bile acids are characteristic of liver failure.
  • Increased bile acid levels are linked to bacterial infection and mortality.
  • Mechanisms of bile acid impact on patient outcomes remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of serum bile acids in liver failure on Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5).
  • To determine the impact of TGR5 activation by bile acids on monocyte function.
  • To assess the correlation between TGR5-activating bile acids and patient mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Serum bile acid profiles analyzed via tandem mass spectrometry.
  • TGR5 activation measured using TGR5 bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) technology.
  • In vitro assays with human monocytes exposed to patient serum bile acids.

Main Results:

  • Serum bile acids from 67% of liver failure patients activated TGR5.
  • TGR5 activation by bile acids impaired monocyte function and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
  • TGR5-activating bile acids were a mortality risk factor, independent of disease severity.

Conclusions:

  • Serum bile acids in liver failure activate TGR5, leading to monocyte dysfunction.
  • TGR5 activation correlates with mortality in liver failure, irrespective of disease activity.
  • TGR5 and bile acid metabolism are potential therapeutic targets for liver failure-associated immune dysfunction.