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Nature Exposure and Its Effects on Immune System Functioning: A Systematic Review.

Liisa Andersen1, Sus Sola Sola Corazon1, Ulrika Karlsson Karlsson Stigsdotter1

  • 1Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

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Exposure to nature, particularly through inhaling natural substances, shows promising immune-boosting effects. This review highlights benefits like reduced inflammation and enhanced natural killer cell activity, though more research is needed.

Keywords:
BVOCsNK cellsforest bathinggreen-blue spacehuman healthimmune systeminflammationinhalationnatural environmentsterpenes

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Immunology
  • Ecosystem Science

Background:

  • Growing awareness of lifestyle and ecosystem changes globally.
  • Emerging scientific evidence suggests positive impacts of nature exposure on human immune function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review existing literature on the immunomodulatory effects of nature exposure via inhalation of natural substances.
  • To synthesize findings on how natural environments influence immunological health.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search conducted in SCOPUS and PubMed.
  • Quality and bias assessment of 33 included studies using EPHPP, ARRIVE, and SYRCLE tools.
  • Synthesis of data from human and animal studies.

Main Results:

  • Nature exposure demonstrates beneficial immunological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-asthmatic properties.
  • Increased natural killer (NK) cell activity and decreased pro-inflammatory molecule expression were observed.
  • Reduced leukocyte infiltration and cytotoxic mediator release were noted outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Nature exposure positively impacts immunological health parameters.
  • Study designs varied in quality, leading to uncertainties regarding reproducibility, effect sizes, and specific contributions of different ecosystems.
  • Further research is required to clarify key aspects of nature exposure's immunomodulatory effects.