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Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...

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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

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Proximal Hamstring Tendon Injuries: Diagnosis and Management.

Andrew J Sheean¹, Justin W Arner², James P Bradley³

¹San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.

Arthroscopy : the Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery : Official Publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association

|February 6, 2021

Summary

Proximal hamstring injuries range from tendinopathy to avulsions. Treatment options include nonoperative management and surgical repair, with acute repairs showing better outcomes than chronic ones.

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Radiology

Background:

Proximal hamstring tendon injuries are prevalent in athletic individuals.
These injuries present a spectrum from tendinopathy to complete avulsions.
Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnostic modalities for proximal hamstring tendon injuries.
To outline current nonoperative and operative treatment strategies.
To discuss surgical approaches and expected outcomes.

Main Methods:

Review of imaging techniques including radiography and MRI.
Discussion of conservative treatment options like activity modification and physical therapy.
Analysis of surgical indications, techniques, and rehabilitation protocols.

Main Results:

MRI is diagnostic for partial and complete tears, identifying the 'sickle sign' for partial tears.
Nonoperative treatment is suitable for tendinopathy and minimally retracted tears.
Surgical repair is indicated for refractory partial tears, acute tears with significant retraction, and chronic tears.

Conclusions:

Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment lead to excellent outcomes.
Acute surgical repairs yield better functional results and lower re-tear rates compared to chronic repairs.
A structured rehabilitation program is essential for return to activity.