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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Shuttle Box Assay as an Associative Learning Tool for Cognitive Assessment in Learning and Memory Studies using Adult Zebrafish
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Toward Studying Cognition in a Dish.

Nicolas Rouleau1, Nirosha J Murugan2, David L Kaplan3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Algoma University, 1520 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, P6A 2G4; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Science and Technology Center, 4 Colby Street, Medford, MA 02155, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|February 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explore if engineered neural tissues can achieve minimal cognition. This review discusses current neural tissue engineering and proposes methods for studying cognition in vitro, advancing neuroscience.

Keywords:
bioengineeringin vitroinformation processingminimal cognitionneural tissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Bioengineered neural tissues are crucial for studying neurodevelopment, regeneration, and disease.
  • Current artificial brain structures exhibit basic electrochemical signaling but lack exploration of higher-order functions.
  • The capacity of engineered neural tissues to replicate cognition remains an open question.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of neural tissue engineering.
  • To explore the possibility of studying cognition in vitro.
  • To define minimal cognition and propose measurement strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neural tissue engineering and biomaterials.
  • Adoption of a practical definition for minimal cognition.
  • Anticipation of measurement challenges and discussion of potential solutions.

Main Results:

  • Engineered neural tissues show promise but have not yet demonstrated cognitive functions.
  • A framework for defining and measuring minimal cognition in vitro is proposed.
  • Challenges in studying cognition in engineered neural tissues are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Studying cognition in vitro using engineered neural tissues is a potential future direction.
  • Further research is needed to develop robust methods for assessing cognitive functions in neural constructs.
  • This work lays the groundwork for investigating higher-order brain functions in engineered systems.