Meningeal immunity: Structure, function and a potential therapeutic target of neurodegenerative diseases

Meningeal immunity refers to immune surveillance and immune defense in the meningeal immune compartment, which depends on the unique position, structural composition of the meninges and functional characteristics of the meningeal immune cells. Recent research advances in meningeal immunity have demonstrated many new ways in which a sophisticated immune landscape affects central nervous system (CNS) function under physiological or pathological conditions. The proper function of the meningeal compartment might protect the CNS from pathogens or contribute to neurological disorders. Since the concept of meningeal immunity, especially the meningeal lymphatic system and the glymphatic system, is relatively new, we will provide a general review of the meninges' basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions with regards to meningeal immunity. At the same time, we will emphasize recent evidence for the role of meningeal immunity in neurodegenerative diseases. More importantly, we will speculate about the feasibility of the meningeal immune region as a drug target to provide some insights for future research of meningeal immunity.