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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
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Troponins
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The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

Published on: May 10, 2024

Prognostic bioindicators in severe COVID-19 patients.

L Bergantini¹, E Bargagli¹, M d'Alessandro¹

¹Respiratory Diseases and Lung Transplant Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences & Neurosciences, Siena University Hospital, Siena, Italy.

|February 6, 2021

Summary

Biomarkers like Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and KL-6 can identify severe COVID-19 cases. Combining these markers accurately predicts patient prognosis and severity.

Keywords:

Biomarkers COVID-19 IL-6 KL-6

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Last Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Non-Invasive Monitoring of Microvascular Oxygenation and Reactive Hyperemia using Hybrid, Near-Infrared Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for Critical Care

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Published on: May 10, 2024

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Published on: March 21, 2021

Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Immunology
Biomarker Discovery

Background:

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 necessitates understanding disease severity.
Immuno-inflammatory mediators are being investigated as potential biomarkers for COVID-19 severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate a panel of biomarkers for patient phenotyping in COVID-19.
To define the role of immuno-inflammatory mediators in predicting COVID-19 severity.

Main Methods:

Serum samples from 24 COVID-19 patients were analyzed.
Measurements included KL-6, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-peptide using chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and logistic regression were employed.

Main Results:

Severe COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly higher concentrations of IL-6, CRP, and KL-6 compared to mild-to-moderate cases.
IL-6, KL-6, and CRP concentrations showed a direct correlation.
A logistic regression model combining IL-6, KL-6, and CRP achieved an AUC of 0.95 for distinguishing severity.

Conclusions:

Elevated IL-6 levels are confirmed in severe COVID-19.
The combined analysis of IL-6, KL-6, and CRP serves as a robust prognostic tool.
These biomarkers effectively differentiate severe COVID-19 patients with poor prognosis from those with mild-to-moderate disease.