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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
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Hans and Sybil Eysenck developed a widely recognized theory of personality, which emphasizes the role of temperament and genetically based differences in shaping individual traits. Their theory posits that biological factors primarily determine personality and can be understood through two main dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.
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Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
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ADHD symptoms, the current symptom scale, and exploratory structural equation modeling: A psychometric study.

Rapson Gomez1, Vasileios Stavropoulos2, Daniel Zarate3

  • 1Federation University, Vic, Australia.

Research in Developmental Disabilities
|February 7, 2021
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Summary

This study explored Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) factor models in adults. Findings suggest a model focusing on inattention and impulsivity, excluding hyperactivity, best represents ADHD symptoms in adults.

Keywords:
ADHD symptomsAdultsCSSCurrent symptoms scaleESEMExploratory structural equation modelling

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychiatry
  • Quantitative Psychology

Background:

  • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • Current diagnostic models, like ICD-10, propose factors of inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM).
  • The factor structure of ADHD in adults requires further investigation using advanced statistical methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factor structure of ADHD in adults using Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM).
  • To test a proposed ICD-10 ADHD factor model including IA, HY, and IM group factors.
  • To evaluate the reliability and validity of these factors in a general adult community sample.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (ESEM) was employed.
  • A sample of 202 adults (aged 18-35) from the general community participated.
  • The Current Symptoms Scale (CSS) was used to assess ADHD-related behaviors.

Main Results:

  • The initial ESEM model demonstrated good global fit, convergent, and divergent validities.
  • Factors for inattention (IA) and impulsivity (IM) were clearly defined with acceptable reliability.
  • The hyperactivity (HY) factor was not well-defined and lacked acceptable reliability in this adult sample.

Conclusions:

  • A revised ESEM model excluding the hyperactivity factor is proposed for modeling adult ADHD symptoms.
  • This revised model, focusing on inattention and impulsivity, offers an appropriate structure for adult ADHD assessment.
  • Findings have implications for ADHD taxonomy, theory, and clinical practice in adults.