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When the Part Mirrors the Whole: Interactions Beyond "Simple Location".

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Summary

This study critiques reductionism and emergentism, proposing Alfred North Whitehead's concept of "internal relations" to understand complex systems like life and mind through interconnectedness rather than isolated parts.

Keywords:
Alfred North Whiteheadinternal relationsmisplaced concretenessprocess philosophysimple location

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Area of Science:

  • Metaphysics of Science
  • Philosophy of Biology
  • Philosophy of Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Reductionism and emergentism offer contrasting views on understanding complex systems.
  • Emergentism emphasizes holistic properties arising from interactions, crucial in biology and cognitive neuroscience.
  • Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy provides a framework to analyze the reductionism vs. emergentism debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy concerning the reductionism vs. emergentism debate.
  • To identify the shared limitation of "simple location" in both reductionist and emergentist approaches.
  • To propose a relational approach based on Whitehead's "internal relations" to address limitations in understanding complex systems.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical analysis of Alfred North Whitehead's concepts.
  • Critique of the ontological perspective of "simple location".
  • Explication and illustration of the notion of "internal relations" using examples, particularly within dynamical systems.

Main Results:

  • Both reductionism and emergentism can be limited by the concept of "simple location," which ignores relational dynamics.
  • "Simple location" posits that an entity's nature is solely defined by its intrinsic properties, neglecting external interactions.
  • Whitehead's "internal relations" offer an alternative, viewing entities as processes defined by their relationships.

Conclusions:

  • A "relational turn" is needed, conceiving "inter-identities" as "intra-identities" where entities are internally related processes, not isolated substances.
  • The concept of "internal relations" provides a powerful theoretical tool to overcome fundamental challenges in the study of life and mind.
  • This relational approach moves beyond "simple location" to better capture the dynamic and interconnected nature of complex systems.