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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
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The Essence of Authenticity.

Olaf Dammann1,2,3, Katja M Friederichs1,4, Sabine Lebedinski1,5

  • 1Liesenfeld Research Institute, Boston, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Psychology
|February 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new "4C-view of authenticity" by adding continuity to the existing 3C model. Congruence may unify these four dimensions of authenticity, enhancing our understanding of genuine selfhood.

Keywords:
authenticitycongruencecontinuity in self-developmentselfself-development

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Sciences

Background:

  • The established model of authenticity, the "3C-view," comprises consistency, conformity, and connection.
  • Existing authenticity models require expansion to capture a more comprehensive understanding of genuine selfhood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an expanded model of authenticity, the "4C-view," incorporating a new dimension: continuity.
  • To explore the unifying potential of congruence as a core concept within the proposed 4C-view of authenticity.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual expansion of an existing psychological model.
  • Process-oriented discussion of authenticity dimensions.

Main Results:

  • Introduction of the "4C-view of authenticity" model, adding continuity to consistency, conformity, and connection.
  • Identification of congruence as a potential unifying concept for the four dimensions.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed "4C-view of authenticity" offers a more nuanced framework for understanding genuine selfhood.
  • Congruence emerges as a promising construct for integrating the multifaceted nature of authenticity.