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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Author Spotlight: Enhancements in Gene Expression Regulation Research
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Alterations in Chromatin Structure and Function in the Microglia.

Yuki Fujita1,2, Toshihide Yamashita1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|February 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia, the CNS immune cells, show diverse functions influenced by epigenetic changes. Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms in microglia is key for developing new therapies for neurological diseases.

Keywords:
brainchromatin 3D architecturedevelopmentgenomemicroglianeuron

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Microglia display significant heterogeneity in morphology, gene expression, and function across different physiological and pathological states.
  • Transcriptomic studies reveal dynamic shifts in microglial gene expression during development, aging, and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms regulating microglial diversity.
  • To explore how epigenetic modifications influence microglial spatiotemporal and functional heterogeneity.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting microglial epigenetics in CNS diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of transcriptomic and epigenetic studies on microglia.
  • Analysis of epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications.
  • Integration of data from bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic changes are crucial for coordinating gene expression and regulating microglial states.
  • Spatiotemporal and functional diversity in microglia is linked to specific epigenetic alterations.
  • Microglial gene expression profiles are dynamically modulated by epigenetic mechanisms in response to CNS conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are fundamental to understanding microglial heterogeneity and function.
  • Targeting epigenetic pathways in microglia offers promising therapeutic avenues for CNS disorders.
  • Further research into microglial epigenetics can advance treatments for neurological diseases.