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Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions02:15

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The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Alcohols (R-OH) ionize to lose one non-bonded electron from the oxygen atom, forming molecular ions. Due to their tendency to fragment rapidly, the intensity of the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum is weak or sometimes absent. The fragmentation patterns for alcohols occur in two ways, i.e. ⍺-cleavage and dehydration. During ⍺-cleavage, the bond at the ⍺-position adjacent to the hydroxyl group cleaves to give a resonance-stabilized cation and a radical. However, intramolecular...
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Generating Bulk Nanobubbles in Alcohol Systems.

Yuwen Ji1,2, Zhen Guo1,2, Tingyuan Tan1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.

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|February 8, 2021
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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers successfully generated bulk nanobubbles (NBs) in alcohol solutions, a novel achievement for organic systems. This breakthrough enhances gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency for chemical industry applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Bulk nanobubbles (NBs) exhibit unique physicochemical properties and significant application potential.
  • Previous research has not reported the generation of NBs in pure organic systems.
  • NBs are crucial for improving gas-liquid mass transfer and facilitating chemical reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the generation of bulk nanobubbles in pure alcohol systems.
  • To explore various methods for NB generation in organic solvents.
  • To optimize parameters for stable NB formation and long-term existence.

Main Methods:

  • Acoustical cavitation
  • Pressurization-depressurization
  • Vibration

Main Results:

  • Verified the generation of air and N2 NBs in a series of alcohol solutions.
  • Achieved a highest NB density of 5.8 × 10^7 bubbles/mL in propanol.
  • Demonstrated stable NB existence in alcohol systems for at least several hours.

Conclusions:

  • Successfully generated bulk nanobubbles in pure alcohol systems for the first time.
  • Optimized NB generation parameters in alcohols.
  • Opened new avenues for enhancing gas-liquid mass transfer in the chemical industry.