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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Biopharmaceutical Factors Influencing Drug Product Design: Overview01:22

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Rational drug product design integrates knowledge of the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation components, manufacturing techniques, and intended route of administration. Each factor influences the drug’s performance, including how it is released, absorbed, and eliminated in the body.The physicochemical properties of a drug—such as solubility, stability, and particle size—affect its compatibility with excipients and the choice of dosage form. Excipients, though...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
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Drug Distribution: Tissue Binding01:21

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Upon entering the systemic circulation, drugs can distribute into the interstitial and intracellular fluid of various tissue cells. This distribution is facilitated by the binding of drugs to different cellular components within tissues, which may lead to drug accumulation in specific areas. Drugs bound to tissue components serve as reservoirs that release free drugs back into the system, prolonging the drug's overall action. However, this accumulation can also result in local toxicity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advances in Evaluating Human Lung Epithelial Cells' Response to Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Metal-Organic Frameworks for Drug Delivery: A Design Perspective.

Harrison D Lawson1, S Patrick Walton1, Christina Chan1,2

  • 1Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 428 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer tunable properties for advanced drug delivery. This review guides the design of MOFs for enhanced delivery of small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids in novel biomedical applications.

Keywords:
biocompatibilitybiomoleculescellular targetingcharacterizationdrug loadingmetal−organic frameworksstructuresynthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising materials for biomedical applications due to their tunable structures, high surface areas, and significant loading capacities.
  • Their application in drug delivery has evolved from small-molecule pharmaceuticals to complex macromolecular cargos like proteins and nucleic acids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development and current landscape of MOF applications in drug delivery.
  • To provide a comprehensive guide on designing MOFs tailored for specific drug delivery needs, encompassing various cargo types.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of MOF synthesis, characterization, and application in drug delivery systems.
  • Analysis of design parameters including MOF structure, synthetic routes, and drug loading strategies.
  • Evaluation of post-synthetic modifications, biocompatibility, cellular targeting, and uptake mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • MOFs demonstrate versatility in accommodating diverse drug molecules, from small compounds to large biomacromolecules.
  • Design choices in MOF structure, synthesis, and loading significantly impact drug release kinetics and efficacy.
  • Surface modifications and functionalization enhance MOF biocompatibility, targeting, and cellular internalization for improved therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • MOF design offers a powerful platform for developing next-generation drug delivery systems.
  • Strategic selection of MOF components and fabrication methods is crucial for optimizing drug delivery performance.
  • Further research into MOF biocompatibility and targeted delivery will unlock their full potential in novel biomedical applications.