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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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"Prevention" and Human Gene Editing Governance.

Eric T Juengst1

  • 1Director of the Center for Bioethics and a professor in the departments of Social Medicine and Genetics at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine in Chapel Hill.

AMA Journal of Ethics
|February 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Gene editing for disease prevention is complex. This article clarifies three distinct types: phenotypic, genotypic, and preventive strengthening, to aid governance discussions.

Area of Science:

  • Bioethics
  • Genetics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Historical context of racial hygiene and the Holocaust influences current gene editing debates.
  • The term 'prevention' in gene editing is often used ambiguously, leading to confusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate and clarify three distinct concepts of prevention within human gene editing.
  • To inform governance discussions by resolving semantic ambiguities surrounding gene editing for disease prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of the term 'prevention' in the context of gene editing.
  • Distinction between phenotypic prevention, genotypic prevention, and preventive strengthening.

Main Results:

  • Phenotypic prevention targets clinical effects in individuals by modifying gene expression.

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  • Genotypic prevention focuses on preventing transmission of genetic variants across generations.
  • Preventive strengthening aims to enhance natural disease resistance.

    • Conclusions:

    • Clear definitions are crucial for ethical and effective human gene editing governance.
    • Addressing the conflation of prevention types is essential for policy development.