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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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The foreign language effect on decision-making: A meta-analysis.

Riccardo Circi1, Daniele Gatti2, Vincenzo Russo3

  • 1Behavior and Brain Lab IULM-Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Via Carlo Bo 1, 20143, Milan, Italy. riccardo.circi@studenti.iulm.it.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|February 8, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Using a foreign language (FL) influences decision-making, reducing risk aversion and increasing harm acceptance for better outcomes. Native language (NL) contexts yield different choices, highlighting the foreign language effect (FLE).

Keywords:
Decision-makingFLEForeign language effectMoral dilemma

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Decision Sciences

Background:

  • The foreign language effect (FLE) describes how using a foreign language alters decision-making.
  • Existing research indicates FLE impacts moral choices and risk aversion, but cumulative evidence is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively synthesize the impact of foreign language (FL) versus native language (NL) contexts on decision-making.
  • To investigate moderators of the FLE in moral decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis was conducted on 17 studies comprising 47 experiments.
  • Studies focused on FLE in moral decision-making (N=38) and risk aversion (N=9).
  • Meta-regressions examined FL proficiency and NL-FL similarity as moderators.

Main Results:

  • FL contexts significantly altered decisions compared to NL contexts in both moral and risk-aversion domains.
  • Participants in FL contexts showed increased willingness to accept harm for optimal outcomes and reduced risk aversion.
  • Native language-foreign language similarity moderated the FLE in moral decision-making, but proficiency did not.

Conclusions:

  • The foreign language effect demonstrably influences both moral decision-making and risk-aversion tendencies.
  • Native language-foreign language similarity is a key factor in the FLE, suggesting cognitive processing differences.
  • Findings confirm and extend prior research on the FLE, offering directions for future studies.