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A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

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Nodding syndrome research revisited.

Melissa Krizia Vieri¹, Adam Hendy², John L Mokili³

¹Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Molecular Pathology Group, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

|February 8, 2021

Summary

Nodding syndrome, a form of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), affects children in Onchocerca volvulus endemic areas. This review assesses the plausibility of neurotropic virus or parasite endosymbiont causes.

Keywords:

Blackflies Epilepsy Ivermectin Onchocerciasis Simulium Viruses

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Parasitology

Background:

Nodding syndrome is a severe form of epilepsy linked to Onchocerca volvulus infection in children.
It is prevalent in areas with high Onchocerca volvulus transmission, often near blackfly breeding sites.
Symptoms include seizures, cognitive impairment, growth stunting, and delayed puberty.

Purpose of the Study:

To review research progress on nodding syndrome since 2014.
To reassess the hypothesis that a neurotropic virus or endosymbiont causes nodding syndrome.

Main Methods:

Critical review of existing research and literature.
Assessment of the plausibility of proposed etiological agents.

Main Results:

The review synthesizes findings from the past seven years of nodding syndrome research.
It evaluates the continued viability of the neurotropic virus and endosymbiont hypotheses.

Conclusions:

The review provides an updated perspective on the potential causes of nodding syndrome.
It guides future research directions for understanding and treating this debilitating condition.