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T Cell Phenotyping in Individuals Hospitalized with COVID-19.

Janine Rupp1, Barbara Dreo1, Katharina Gütl2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|February 9, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Severe COVID-19 patients exhibit distinct T cell profiles, with increased activated and proliferating T cells. These changes may be influenced by Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, suggesting a unique immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global pandemic.
  • Severe COVID-19 can lead to cytokine release syndrome, high mortality, and distinct immune dysregulation.
  • Understanding the adaptive immune response, particularly T cells, is crucial for managing severe COVID-19.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the composition, activation, and proliferation of T cells in patients with severe or critical COVID-19.
  • To compare T cell profiles between COVID-19 patients and healthy controls.
  • To explore the relationship between T cell subsets and inflammatory markers like IL-6.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to analyze T cell subsets in 20 severe/critical COVID-19 patients and 40 healthy controls.
  • Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to differentiate immune cell populations.
  • Expression of activation (CD38) and proliferation (Ki67) markers on T cells was quantified.

Main Results:

  • Hierarchical clustering separated healthy controls from COVID-19 patients based on T cell composition.
  • COVID-19 patients showed significantly higher frequencies of activated and proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (CD38+Ki67+).
  • Frequencies of activated/proliferating Th1 and CD4+ T cells negatively correlated with plasma IL-6 levels.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with severe COVID-19 possess a distinct T cell signature characterized by heightened activation and proliferation.
  • The observed T cell profile suggests an active, albeit potentially dysregulated, antiviral immune response.
  • Interleukin-6 may play a role in modulating the T cell response during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.