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Updated: Nov 18, 2025
A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
Published on: August 24, 2017
Hippocampal volume recovery with real-time functional MRI amygdala neurofeedback emotional training for posttraumatic
Masaya Misaki1, Beni Mulyana2, Vadim Zotev1
1Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States.
Background:
Small hippocampal volume is a prevalent neurostructural abnormality in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, whether the hippocampal atrophy is the cause of disease symptoms or a pre-existing risk factor and whether it is a reversible alteration or a permanent trait are unclear. The trait- or state-dependent alteration could also differ among the hippocampal subfields.
Methods:
The study examined the longitudinal hippocampal volume changes due to positive emotional training with left amygdala (LA) real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) in combat veterans with PTSD. The participants were trained to increase the neurofeedback signal from LA (experimental group, N = 20) or brain region not involved in emotion processing (control group, N = 9) by recalling a positive autobiographical memory. The pre- and post-training structural MRI brain images were processed with FreeSurfer to evaluate the hippocampal subfield volumes. Hippocampal volumes for healthy controls (N = 43) were also examined to evaluate the baseline abnormality in PTSD.
Results:
A significant group difference in volume change was found in the left CA1 head region. This region had the most significant volume reduction at the baseline in PTSD. The experimental group showed a significant volume increase, while the control group showed a significant volume decrease in this region. The volume change in the control group negatively correlated with interval days between the scans.
Limitations:
A cognitive improvement due to the hippocampal volume increase could not be found with symptom scales.
Conclusions:
RtfMRI-nf positive emotional training increased the hippocampus volume among people with PTSD, suggesting that hippocampal atrophy in PTSD is modifiable.
