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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

1.0K
Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles,...
1.0K
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

60.8K
In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
3.9K
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

37.3K
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
37.3K
Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

36.7K
Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.
36.7K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

7.7K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
7.7K

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Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis
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Human Genetic Variation Influences Enteric Fever Progression.

Pei Yee Ma1, Jing En Tan2, Edd Wyn Hee2

  • 1School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.

Cells
|February 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human genetic variations influence susceptibility and severity of enteric fever, a significant global health issue. Understanding these genetic factors, like toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukins (ILs), is key for developing new treatments and personalized vaccines.

Keywords:
Salmonella typhoidal speciesenteric feverhuman genetic variants

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and infectious diseases
  • Human genomics and molecular biology

Background:

  • Enteric fever remains a major cause of mortality, particularly in developing regions.
  • Genetic studies have identified numerous polymorphisms linked to enteric fever susceptibility and severity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss human genetic variants impacting Salmonella typhoidal infection progression.
  • To highlight limitations in current genetic association studies and suggest future directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on genetic polymorphisms and enteric fever.
  • Analysis of candidate genes including TLR4, TLR5, IL-4, NRAMP1, VAC14, PARK2/PACRG, CFTR, and MHC.

Main Results:

  • Several human genetic variants, including polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), and interleukin 4 (IL-4), are associated with enteric fever susceptibility and progression.
  • These polymorphisms may affect the host's ability to eliminate Salmonella typhoidal species through various immune mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Despite study limitations leading to inconclusive results, understanding genetic variants is crucial for developing risk prediction tools and personalized typhoid vaccines.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the precise roles of these genetic factors in enteric fever pathogenesis and host defense.