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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

392
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
392
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.0K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.0K
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

417
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
417
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

1.1K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
1.1K
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

686
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
686
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

610
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
610

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Anesthetic Considerations for Functional Neurosurgery.

Lane Crawford1, Dorothee Mueller2, Letha Mathews1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1301 Medical Center Drive, 4648 TVC, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.

Anesthesiology Clinics
|February 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Anesthesiologists must understand anesthetic considerations for functional neurosurgery, focusing on patient conditions and procedure specifics like neuromonitoring and access challenges. This ensures safe and effective care during these advanced neurological treatments.

Keywords:
AnesthesiaDeep brain stimulationEpilepsyFunctional neurosurgeryParkinson disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Anesthesiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Functional neurosurgery is expanding, treating neurological and psychiatric conditions like movement disorders and epilepsy.
  • Anesthesiologists face unique challenges in neurofunctional procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight key anesthetic considerations for functional neurosurgery.
  • To inform anesthesiologists about disease-specific and procedure-specific anesthetic implications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anesthetic management in functional neurosurgery.
  • Consideration of patient comorbidities and surgical techniques.

Main Results:

  • Anesthetic choices impact intraoperative neuromonitoring.
  • Patient access can be limited by stereotactic frames and imaging equipment.

Conclusions:

  • Awareness of anesthetic effects on neuromonitoring is crucial.
  • Managing limited patient access requires specific anesthetic strategies.