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Updated: Nov 18, 2025

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Comparison between optical and digital blur using near visual acuity.

David Kordek1, Laura K Young2,3, Jan Kremláček4,5

  • 1Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.

Scientific Reports
|February 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Digitally rendered defocus accurately mimics optical dioptric defocus for visual acuity (VA) testing in emmetropic individuals. This low-cost method is viable for clinical applications, even at near viewing distances.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Accurate simulation of refractive errors is crucial for vision research and clinical testing.
  • Traditional methods for inducing refractive error can be costly and complex.
  • Digital rendering offers a potentially low-cost alternative for simulating visual blur.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare visual acuity (VA) between digitally rendered Zernike aberrations and optical dioptric defocus.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of digital blur simulation at a near observing distance (60 cm).
  • To assess the feasibility of using digital defocus in a low-cost laboratory setup.

Main Methods:

  • Emmetropic participants viewed Landolt Rings displayed on a PC CRT screen.
  • Spherical refractive errors (+1, +2, +4 D) were simulated using digital rendering (Zernike aberrations).
  • Optical dioptric defocus was induced using external lenses with and without accommodation/vertex distance adjustments.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant difference in VA was found between digital blur and accommodation-adjusted dioptric blur across all tested refractive error levels (p < 0.204).
  • Bland-Altman analysis showed the best agreement between digital and optical blur at +4 D.
  • The observed agreement was within test-retest limits suitable for clinical populations.

Conclusions:

  • Digitally rendered defocus can effectively replicate optical dioptric blur without significantly altering VA in emmetropic individuals.
  • This digital simulation method is viable even for near observing distances.
  • The findings support the use of low-cost digital rendering techniques for vision testing and research.