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Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...

Renal Drug Clearance: Overview

Renal Drug Clearance: Overview

Renal clearance is a crucial parameter in pharmacokinetics that quantifies the rate at which the kidneys excrete a drug. It represents a constant fraction of the central volume of distribution containing the drug that the kidney eliminates per unit of time.
Renal clearance can be calculated using different methods. One approach is to divide the urinary drug excretion rate by the plasma drug concentration. This method directly measures renal clearance, indicating the kidneys' efficiency in...

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels

Renal clearance of a drug is influenced by various factors, including its physicochemical properties and plasma levels. These factors play a significant role in determining how efficiently the kidneys eliminate a drug.
One important factor is the drug's molecular size. The kidneys readily excrete smaller molecules below 300 Daltons (Da). On the other hand, molecules weighing between 300 and 500 Da are excreted through both urine and bile. Larger molecules above 500 Da tend to be excreted...

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration

The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production occurs. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent arterioles....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 18, 2025

A Modified Two Kidney One Clip Mouse Model of Renin Regulation in Renal Artery Stenosis

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Published on: October 26, 2020

Circulating prorenin: its molecular forms and plasma concentrations.

Kazumi Fujimoto^1,2, Sayuki Kawamura¹, Satoru Bando¹

¹Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.

Hypertension Research : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension

|February 10, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified novel molecular forms of human plasma prorenin, revealing concentrations significantly higher than previously reported. This finding advances understanding of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in health and disease.

Keywords:

ELISA Plasma binding protein Plasma concentration Plasma molecular form Prorenin

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Last Updated: Nov 18, 2025

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Endocrinology
Molecular Biology

Background:

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is crucial for fluid balance and disease pathogenesis.
Understanding plasma prorenin's molecular forms and accurate measurement is clinically significant but currently limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the molecular forms of human plasma prorenin.
To develop a method for directly measuring plasma prorenin concentration without conversion to renin.

Main Methods:

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with prosegment-specific antibodies were used to analyze molecular forms.
A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for direct quantification.

Main Results:

Identified three major plasma prorenin components: a modified full-length protein, an albumin-bound form, and a truncated form.
Established normal plasma prorenin levels in healthy individuals as 3.0-13.4 μg/mL, orders of magnitude higher than previously reported.
Plasma prorenin concentration remained stable regardless of donor posture, unlike plasma renin activity.

Conclusions:

Human plasma prorenin exists in multiple molecular forms, including modified, albumin-bound, and truncated variants.
Plasma prorenin concentrations are substantially higher than previously estimated.
These findings offer new insights into prorenin's role in homeostasis and disease, paving the way for clinical assays.